Principles and use of surveying instruments pdf

Their types and uses are discussed in this article. Selflevelling instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites, construction and surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time this more modern type of level is now in general use. To locate a new station by at least two measurements linear or angular from fixed reference points. Made to utilize the principles of aerial photo grammetry, in which measurements made on. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Pdf surveying methods and instruments in the sixth book of.

The surveying basic principles can be stated under two aspects. The chapter is intended primarily for use at the field office level. The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of bearings. Surveying and levelling instruments, theoretically. This reduces the need to set the instrument truly level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines. For a level, the compen sator automatically takes care of the final levelling up. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Pdf many treatises on geometry were written in the xvi century. It shows the natural features of a country, such as towns, villages, roads, railways, rivers, etc. Various methods of surveying are established on very simple fundamental principles. Modern surveying instruments provides faster and more precise surveying than conventional instruments.

This manual is a revision of the engineering survey chapter of the 1969. Surveying is the process of finding the relative position of various points on the surface of the earth by measuring distance among them and setting up a map to any reasonable scale. Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art. Survey techniques and instruments were then reinvented in. Theodolite survey application in height and distance measurements. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Lecturer, senior technical assistant department of mining engineering, indian school of mines, dhanbad 826004 abstract although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in.

Purchase surveying instruments and their operational principles, volume 62 1st. Older types of instruments already out of use, or used only occasionally, are. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Modern surveying instruments and their uses in civil. Maps also include details of different engineering works, such as roads, railways, irrigation canals, etc. Surveying instruments and their operational principles, volume 62. Made to utilize the principles of aerial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. The aim of the paper is studying the instruments described by fonticulano. May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. Introduction to engineering surveying ce 5 levelling. The concept of photogrammetric control surveys is described in part ix. In conventional surveying, chain and tape are used for making linear measurements while compass and ordinary theodolites are used for making angular measurements. The most important instruments for surveying are levels and total stations.